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Notes |
1.1 Introduction 1.2 Origin of the atmosphere 1.3 Composition of air 1.4 Ozone in the upper atmosphere 1.5 Atmospheric pressure 1.6 Atmospheric temperature 1.7 Atmospheric electricity 1.8 Atmospheric structure |
1.A Features of the Earth's surface 1.B Photosynthesis and respiration 1.C The densities of air and water vapour 1.D Ground-level concentrations of gases 1.E The chemistry of the destruction of ozone 1.F Mass, density, weight and pressure 1.G The hydrostatic balance 1.H Height, altitude and elevation 1.I Effects of the rarefied atmosphere at high elevations 1.J SI units 1.K Scales of temperature 1.L Mean properties of the atmosphere 1.M The 'ideal-gas' law |
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2.1 Kinds of radiation 2.2 Solar radiation reaching the Earth 2.3 Attenuation within the atmosphere 2.4 Radiation at ground level 2.5 Albedo 2.6 Ultra-violet radiation 2.7 Longwave radiation 2.8 Net radiation |
2.A Electromagnetic radiation 2.B Shortwave and longwave radiation 2.C The Stefan-Boltzmann equation 2.D Effects of the various components of solar radiation 2.E The inverse-square law of radiation 2.F The monthly mean extra-terrestrial radiation 2.G Aerosols and volcanoes 2.H Effects of the atmospheric windows 2.I Radiation and crop growth 2.J Effect of an albedo change on global warming 2.K Annual mean longwave radiation 2.L The greenhouse effect 2.M Simple estimation of net radiation |
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3.1 Temperature measurement 3.2 Screen temperatures 3.3 Seasonal changes 3.4 Daily changes 3.5 Ground temperatures 3.6 Frost 3.7 Urban temperatures
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3.A The transfer of sensible heat 3.B Effects of latitude and elevation on mean temperature 3.C High temperatures and human mortality 3.D Acclimatisation and adaptation 3.E Windchill 3.F Temperature and crops 3.G The annual range of monthly mean temperatures 3.H Cold nights 3.I Growing-degree-days and agriculture 3.J Degree-days and comfort 3.K The conduction of heat 3.L The thermal belt |
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4.1 Changes of state 4.2 Vapour pressure and evaporation 4.3 Features of the evaporation process 4.4 Determining the evaporation rate 4.5 Various evaporation rates 4.6 Values of the evaporation rate 4.7 Dew |
4.A Water molecules 4.B Protection of crops from frost 4.C Saturation vapour pressure and temperature 4.D Rates of evaporation 4.E Dalton's evaporation equation 4.F Effect of drop radius on its evaporation rate 4.G Crop evaporation and yield 4.H The Relative Strain Index of comfort |
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5.1 The energy-balance equation 5.2 Energy balances of large scale 5.3 Local energy balances 5.4 Altering the energy balance 5.5 The energy balance of the human body |
5.A Why doesn't the world get hotter? 5.B Does a car's colour influence its temperature? 5.C Factors governing the daily minimum temperature 5.D Estimation of evaporation 5.E Sol-air temperatures 5.F Energy balances of the southern hemisphere |
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6.1 The hydrologic cycle 6.2 Describing the air's dampness 6.3 Measuring the air's humidity 6.4 Humidity at the surface 6.5 Humidity and human comfort 6.6 Humidity aloft |
6.A Aspects of the hydrologic cycle 6.B Alternative ways of stating the air's humidity 6.C Saturation deficit and crop growth 6.D Psychrometer measurements 6.E The weather-stress index WSI 6.F A thermal sensation scale 6.G The Standard Effective Temperature 6.H Evaporative coolers 6.I The skew T - log p diagram, part 1 |
Chapter 7. Atmospheric instability
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Notes |
7.1 Instability and feedback 7.2 Lapse rates 7.3 Instability of the atmosphere 7.4 Examples of instability 7.5 Tornadoes, dust-devils and waterspouts 7.6 Stable layers |
7.A Feedback 7.B The dry adiabatic lapse rate 7.C The saturated adiabatic lapse rate 7.D The skew T - log p diagram, part 2 7.E Calculation of the foehn effect 7.F Non-local instability 7.G Indices of instability 7.H How an atmosphere becomes unstable 7.I Solar ponds 7.J Tornadoes 7.K Dispersion of ground inversions by fans 7.L Atmospheric instability and air pollution 7.M Temperature profiles and sound |
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8.1 The formation of clouds 8.2 Cloud droplets 8.3 Categories and changes 8.4 Fog 8.5 Stratiform clouds 8.6 Cumuliform clouds 8.7 High clouds 8.8 Observing cloudiness 8.9 Amounts of cloud 8.10 Effects of clouds |
8.A The formation of cloud by mixing 8.B The Lifting Condensation Level and the Convective Condensation Level 8.C Atmospheric density currents which create uplift 8.D Formation of cloud droplets 8.E The water content of clouds 8.F The evolution of cloud classification 8.G Motoring in fog 8.H Formation of advection fog 8.I Formation of steam fog 8.J Weather satellites 8.K Effect of clouds on global climate 8.L The Morning Glory |
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9.1 Clouds and rain 9.2 Raindrop nucleation 9.3 Cloud seeding 9.4 Forming raindrops 9.5 Thunderstorms 9.6 Cloud electricity 9.7 Global electricity 9.8 Hail |
9.A Monthly mean cloudiness and rainfall in Australia 9.B The rainfall rate from stratiform cloud 9.C The Bergeron-Findeisen process 9.D Rainfall intensity and raindrop size 9.E The early history of rain-making 9.F The effectiveness of cloud seeding 9.G Electrification within cumulonimbus cloud 9.H The gradient of electrical potential in the lower atmosphere 9.I Temperature and the frequency of hail 9.J Hail cannon |
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10.1 General 10.2 Rainfall intensity 10.3 Spatial variations 10.4 Variations of rainfall 10.5 Water balances 10.6 Floods 10.7 Droughts 10.8 Snow .
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10.A Typical effects of rainfall in agriculture 10.B Rain gauges 10.C Remote rainfall measurement 10.D Indication of seasonal rainfall by tree rings 10.E Acidity and alkalinity 10.F Soil erosion 10.G Estimation of rainfalls for long recurrence intervals 10.H Defining the 'typical' rainfall 10.I The Bradfield Scheme 10.J The possible effect of forests on rainfall 10.K Dependable rainfall 10.L Indices of rainfall variability 10.M El Niño, part 1 10.N The chance of a second dry day after a first 10.O Desert runoff 10.P Water budgets of soil moisture 10.Q Flooding of the Brisbane River in 1893 10.R Droughts in New South Wales 10.S Droughts and sunspots |
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11.1 Oceans and climates 11.2 Ocean temperatures 11.3 Salinity 11.4 The Coriolis effect and the oceans 11.5 Ocean currents
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11.A Effects of the oceans on climates 11.B Buoyancy in the oceans 11.C El Niño, part 2 11.D The Coriolis effect 11.E The climate near Lima 11.F Traverse measurements |
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12.1 Surface winds of the globe 12.2 Factors governing global winds 12.3 Circulations within the atmosphere 12.4 The upper westerlies 12.5 Jet streams 12.6 Models of the general circulation 12.7 ENSO
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12.A Streamlines 12.B Trade winds 12.C The geostrophic wind and isobaric surfaces 12.D The gradient wind 12.E Thickness 12.F Thermal wind 12.G Convergence, divergence and vertical circulations 12.H Baroclinic and barotropic conditions 12.I Balloon flight across Australia 12.J Rossby waves 12.K Vorticity 12.L Jet streams and weather 12.M Clear Air Turbulence 12.N El Niño, part 3 |
Chapter 13. Synoptic-scale winds
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13.1 Introduction 13.2 Airmasses 13.3 Fronts 13.4 Lows 13.5 Tropical cyclones 13.6 Highs
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13.A Scales of winds 13.B Frontal disturbances 13.C Subtropical lows 13.D Vortex spreading and stretching 13.E Naming of tropical cyclones 13.F Winds around a tropical cyclone 13.G Global warming and tropical cyclones 13.H Easterly waves 13.I The Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere13.J Weather in the northern hemisphere |
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14.1 General 14.2 Sea breezes 14.3 Mountain winds 14.4 Turbulence 14.5 Wind energy 14.6 Sea waves 14.7 Urban air pollution |
14.A The wind profile 14.B Winds and housing 14.C Sea breezes 14.D Density currents 14.E The return period 14.F Dimensions of wind's power density 14.G Air pollution |
Chapter 15. Weather and climate change
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Notes |
15.1 Weather data 15.2 Weather forecasting 15.3 Past climates 15.4 Climates of the 20th century 15.5 Future climates |
15.A Weather radar 15.B Places of weather measurement 15.C Frost forecasting 15.D Feedback, chaos and unpredictability 15.E Sunspots and forecasting 15.F Effects of the Moon's phase 15.G Primitive equations for weather forecasting 15.H Numerical Weather Prediction 15.I Forecasting skill 15.J The 'tropics' 15.K Radiative equilibrium and global warming 15.L Radiometric methods of dating past climates |
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16.1 Introduction 16.2 Climate classification 16.3 Antarctica 16.4 South America 16.5 South Africa 16.6 Australia 16.7 New Zealand 16.8 Conclusions
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16.A Koeppen's classification of climates 16.B The 'Canberra metric' of similarity 16.C Selecting a site for a telescope 16.D Deserts 16.E Australian bushfires 16.F Kinds of vegetation in Australia 16.G Estimating crop yield from climate information 16.H Climate and housing 16.I Climate for the time of the Olympic Games in Sydney 16.J Indonesian climates 16.K A comparison between northern and southern climates 16.L European climates 16.M North American climates |