University of Wyoming
stratospheric aerosol measurements
Principal Investigator: Terry Deshler, email: deshler@uwyo.edu
Professor Emeritus, Department of Atmospheric
Science, University of Wyoming (1991-2014)
Research Scientist, Laboratory for Atmospheric and
Space Physics, University of Colorado (2016-)
These data result from in-situ
balloon-borne size resolved aerosol concentration measurements
collected using University of Wyoming aerosol counters. The
data files always include the total aerosol concentration,
condensation nuclei (CN, r > 0.01 µm), and particles
with radius ~> 0.15-0.19 µm. Measurement size channels range from 2 for the
original Rosen counter (Dust), to 8-12 for the Wyoming white
light optical particle counter (WOPC) to 8 for the Wyoming laser particle counter
(WLPC). The continuation of this measurement record
transitioned to LASP at the University of Colorado in 2019,
where a new instrument, the LASP optical particle counter
(LOPC), has been developed, with upwards of 50 aerosol
channels, by Lars Kalnajs. Here
is a summary table of the various instruments used.
|
Instrument |
Years of operation |
UWv1.0 radius |
UWv2.0 radius |
No. of sizes |
Flow rate liters/min |
Sample rate (Hz) |
Light source |
Scattering angle degrees |
Solid angle steradians |
|
Dust |
1971-2013 |
0.15-0.25 |
0.175-0.28 |
2-4 |
~1 |
0.1 |
White light |
25 |
0.15 |
|
WOPC |
1989-2013 |
0.15-2/10 |
0.187-2.05/10 |
8-12 |
~10 |
0.1 |
White light |
40 |
0.22 |
|
WLPC |
2008-2020 |
0.075-4.5/15 |
0.092-4.5/16.6 |
8 |
~10 |
0.5 |
Laser 633 nm |
90 |
3.63 |
|
LOPC |
2019- |
0.15-10 |
0.15-10 |
50+ |
~20 |
0.5 |
Laser 780 nm |
90 |
3.63 |
Data for the 1971-1988 Dust measurements, PI Jim Rosen, can be found on the NDACC web site: http://www.ndaccdemo.org/stations/laramie-wy-united-states. Data for the 1989-2013 Dust, 1989-2013 WOPC, 2008-2020 WLPC, and 2019- LOPC can be found in the Stratospheric Aerosol Collection of WyoScholar, hosted by UW Libraries.
Acknowledgments: The measurements over the years have been primarily supported by the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, with some support from the Naval Research Laboratory. They have resulted from the efforts of many individuals employed by the University of Wyoming over the years. The list of the most important contributors includes: Jim Rosen, Dave Hofmann, Lars Kalnajs; Technical people: Gary Olson, Lyle Womack, Jason Gonzales, Jim Hereford, Lou King, Stan Smith, Ben Heesen, Norm Kjome; Post docs: Bryan Johnson, Bruno Nardi, Chris Kröger, Jennifer Mercer; and graduate students: Rod Rozier, Dongliang Wang, Rigeto Zhao, Christos Mitas, Bill Bellon, Chuntao Liu, Qun Miao, Sharon Gill, Jian Yongxiao, Andrew Glen, Leslie Baran, Stephanie Luberda, Shauna Ward, Jaclyn Ritzman, Mark Hervig, David Delene, Trude Eidhammer, Mahesh Kovilakam, Patrick Campbell, Katie Foster.
If these data are useful for your work and/or
publication, please offer inclusion and/or proper referencing
and acknowledgment for the source of these data.
The
Wyoming in situ aerosol measurements have been revised
following Deshler et al. [2019]. These files are in the
subfolders .../Nr_Full_Profile/
and .../SizeDist_Stratosphere/
under each of the flight locations. This is considered the
UWv2.0 data, although such a subfolder is not explicitly used.
All data in the primary folders are UWv2.0. The earlier version of the data is
maintained in the subfolders .../UWv1.0/ within each flight
location folder.
The revision primarily affects the radii assigned to each
channel of the instrument, increasing the size thresholds.
Thus the canonical 0.15/0.25 um channels, from the beginning
of the measurements in 1971, cannot be maintained. In fact
even these sizes from the earliest measurements should perhaps
be increased somewhat for the early measurements, [Deshler et
al., 2019]. The number concentrations have not changed between
the UWv1.0 and UWv2.0 data. The new size distributions for the
UWv2.0 data, while still lognormal are fit using a revised
algorithm described in Deshler et al. [2019] which
incorporates the counting efficiency of each aerosol channel
in the fitting algorithm. In addition unimodal fits are
provided for a subset of the data indicated in the folders
...\Unimode. These were completed
based upon requests. Due to the large number of aerosol
channels for the LOPC, size distributions are not supplied for
these measurements.
For the revised data there are, in
addition to the ASCII data files for each flight, IDL.sav files for folders with a lot
of measurements. The names of the IDL.sav
files are indicative of the contents and the instrument
included. When more than one instrument type (Dust, WOPC,
WLPC) is used for a data set there are separate IDL.sav files for each instrument
type. Thus, e.g., *_WOPC.sav
includes only measurements from the Wyoming optical particle
counter [Deshler et al., 2003], *_WLPC.sav
includes only measurements from the Wyoming laser particle
counter [Ward et al., 2014]. Each of the individual ASCII files
contains a header containing 86(MM) - 94 (WY) lines. The
header contains both general metadata for the whole data base,
and specific metadata for each flight. IDL.sav
files are available for the following folders:
.../US_Laramie_41N_105W_1989-2020/,
.../Ant_McMurdo_78S_167E_1989-2010/,
.../SE_Kiruna_68N_21E_1990-2004/.
Primary references describing each of the
three instrument types are:
Dust:
Development & first use: Rosen, J. M., The vertical
distribution of dust to 30 km, J. Geophys.
Res., 69, 4673-
4676, 1964.
Description & early measurements: Hofmann, D. J., J. M. Rosen, T. J. Pepin,
and R. G. Pinnick [1975], tratospheric aerosol measurements, I,
Time variations at nothern midlatitudes, J. Atmos. Sci., 32,
1446-1456.
Measurements through 1990: Hofmann, D. J. [1990] Increase in the
stratospheric background sulfuric acid aerosol mass in the
past 10 years, Science,
248, 996-1000.
WOPC:
Development & early use: Hofmann, D. J. and T. Deshler [1991]
Stratospheric cloud observations during formation of the
Antarctic ozone hole in 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2897-2912.
Description & uncertainties: Deshler, T., M. E. Hervig,
D. J. Hofmann, J. M. Rosen, and J. B. Liley
[2003], Thirty years of in situ stratospheric aerosol size
distribution measurements from Laramie, Wyoming (41˚N), using
balloon-borne instruments, J. Geophys. Res.,
108(D5), 4167, doi:10.1029/2002JD002514.
Particle evaporation and calibration
error: Kovilakam, M., and T. Deshler [2015],
On the accuracy of stratospheric aerosol extinction derived
from in situ size distribution measurements and surface area
density derived from remote SAGE II and HALOE extinction
measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 8426–8447,
doi:10.1002/2015JD023303.
Including counting efficiency in OPC data: Deshler, T., B. Luo, M. Kovilakam, T. Peter, L. E. Kalnajs [2019], Retrieval of aerosol
size distributions from in situ particle counter measurements:
instrument counting efficiency and comparisons with satellite
measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 124(9),
5058-5087. doi.10.1029/2018JD029558
WLPC:
Description & use for PSC
measurements: Ward, S. M.,
T. Deshler, and A. Hertzog [2014], Quasi-Lagrangian
measurements of nitric acid trihydrate
formation over Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 119,
doi:10.1002/2013JD020326.
LOPC:
Description and early use: Kalnajs, L. E., & Deshler, T. (2022). A New
Instrument for Balloon-Borne In Situ Aerosol Size Distribution
Measurements, the Continuation of a 50 Year Record of
Stratospheric Aerosols Measurements. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127(24),
e2022JD037485. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037485
The Wyoming aerosol data from 1989 to the present,
PI Terry Deshler, can be found in the following folders
grouped by rough location:
mid-latitudes, polar, and tropical. The folder name includes
the country code, location name, latitude, longitude, and
range of years for the data. A dash between the years
indicates a continuous record spanning those years, an
underscore indicates separate years of measurements. The data are available in the
data repository at the University of Wyoming Libraries
(Deshler & Kalnajs, 2022).
With the reference for the data to be used in a bibliography:
Deshler,
T., & Kalnajs, L. E. (2022).
University of Wyoming stratospheric aerosol measurements | Mid
latitudes [Dataset]. https://doi.org/10.15786/21534894. For references to other datasets, e.g. polar
just change the DOI. Use this link for the entire data set https://doi.org/10.15786/c.6379371
The Wyoming aerosol data from 1971-1988, PI Jim
Rosen, are found on the NDACC data base at http://www.ndaccdemo.org/stations/laramie-wy-united-states
Mid latitudes:
https://doi.org/10.15786/21534894
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/US_Laramie_41N_105W_1989-2020/
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/US_Boulder_40N_105W_2019-/
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/FR_Gap_45N_6E_1996_1997/
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/FR_AirLaDour_44N_0W_1995/
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/AU_Mildura_34S_142E_1972-1980/
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/NZ_Lauder_45S_170E_1991-2001/
Polar: https://doi.org/10.15786/21534945
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/SE_Andoya_69N_16E_1996_1997/
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/SE_Kiruna_68N_21E_1990-2004/
/Lagrangian
measurements South of 60S_2010
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/Ant_McMurdo_78S_167E_1989-2010/
Tropical: https://doi.org/10.15786/21534951
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/In_Hyderabad_17N_79E_2015/
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/NI_Niamey_13N_2E_2006_2008/
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/BR_Teresina_5S_43W_2008/
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/AU_Darwin_13S_132E_2005_2014/
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/BR_Bauru_22S_49W_1997/
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/AU_Longreach_23S_144E_1972_1973/, UWv1.0 only
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/AU_AliceSprings_24S_134E_2017/,
UWv1.0
only
Within each of
these directories are the following subdirectories:
/Nr_Full_Profile/ - ASCII Sounding files for aerosol size and number concentration. The file name, e.g. 20080622_WY_WOPC_ATA6m.ASC, indicates the date (yyyymmdd) and location, e.g. MM=McMurdo, WY=Laramie, the instrument name (e.g. WOPC_ATA6m). The file extension indicates the vertical resolution, .ASC, implies full data , or an average, e.g. .500m for a 500 m average. These differences in the vertical averaging are separated into separate subfolders. The files include measurements from the surface to balloon burst. All files include general and specific metadata. In the Laramie folder, where more than one instrument was used, there are separate subfolders for each instrument type.
/SizeDist_Stratosphere/ - ASCII lognormal size distributions (either unimodal or bimodal) at the vertical resolution indicated in the file name. The file names are somewhat long and include the name of the source file for the measurements, including the vertical resolution, the altitude at which the size distributions begin (typically the tropopause), and "_Srs_ce" which indicates the fit was completed with the new fitting algorithm which accounts for the instrument counting efficiency at each channel size. All files include general and specific metadata. In the Laramie folder, where more than one instrument was used, there are separate subfolders for each instrument type. Because of the large number of channels for the instruments used in Boulder, size distributions are not provided.
The minimum concentration measurable with these instruments is
given by S / F. for sample frequency, S=0.1 Hz, and flow rate,
F. For example, the minimum concentration detectable is 5.7 x
10-4 cm-3 for F = 167 cm3 s-1,
and 5.7 x 10-3 cm-3 for F = 16.7 cm3 s-1.
When the aerosol concentration is below the detection
threshold of the instrument the concentration is arbitrarily
assigned a value of 1.01E-39. The first channel at which this
occurs is arbitrarily assigned a value of 1.01 E-06 and is
used to fix the large particle tail of the size distribution.
Poisson statistics define the fractional uncertainty of a counting measurement as its inverse square root, C-0.5 for C counts in one sample, becoming important at low concentrations. The aerosol concentration, N = C S / F. Thus the Poisson error fraction, in terms of concentration, is (N F / S)-0.5. For these instruments: S = 0.1 Hz, F = 16.7 cm3 s-1 for a two channel counter and CN counter, and F = 167 cm3 s-1 for a counter with more than two channels. In the stratosphere these flow rates are reduced to about 80% of these values by temperature differences between outside air and pump. This leads to uncertainties of 85, 25, and 8% for concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 cm-3 at the low flow rate and concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 cm-3 at the high flow rate. This error dominates at concentrations below 0.1 (0.01) cm-3 for the low (high) flow rate instrument. At concentrations higher than these a concentration error of +/-10% reflects comparisons of concentration measurements from two instruments using identical aerosol in the laboratory.
A bibligography, 1990 - 2022, of the literature in which Wyoming Aerosol counters played a role in the analysis of mid latitude, polar, and tropical aerosol measurements follows here:
Mid
Latitude Measurements
Kalnajs, L. E., & Deshler, T. (2022). A New
Instrument for Balloon-Borne In Situ Aerosol Size Distribution
Measurements, the Continuation of a 50 Year Record of
Stratospheric Aerosols Measurements. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127(24),
e2022JD037485. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037485
Li, Y., Dykema,
J., Deshler, T., & Keutsch,
F. (2021). Composition Dependence of Stratospheric Aerosol
Shortwave Radiative Forcing in Northern Midlatitudes.
Geophysical Research
Letters, 48(24),
e2021GL094427. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094427
Nyaku, E., Loughman,
R., Bhartia, P. K., Deshler, T.,
Chen, Z., & Colarco, P. R.
(2020). A comparison of lognormal and gamma size distributions
for characterizing the stratospheric aerosol phase function
from optical particle counter measurements. Atmospheric Measurement
Techniques, 13(3),
1071–1087. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1071-2020
Günther, A., Höpfner,
M., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Griessbach, S., Deshler, T., von Clarmann, T., & Stiller, G.
(2018). MIPAS observations of volcanic sulfate aerosol and
sulfur dioxide in the stratosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and
Physics, 18(2),
1217–1239. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1217-2018.
Campbell, P., M. Mills, and T. Deshler (2014), The global extent
of the mid stratospheric CN layer: A three-dimensional
modeling study, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, doi:10.1002/2013JD020503.
Dhomse, S S, K. M.
Emmerson, G. W. Mann, N. Bellouin,
K. S. Carslaw, M. P. Chipperfield, R. Hommel,
N. L. Abraham, P. Telford, P. Braesicke,
M. Dalvi, C. E. Johnson, F.
O’Connor, O. Morgenstern, J. A. Pyle, T. Deshler, J. M. Zawodny, and L. W. Thomason, (2014),
Aerosol microphysics simulations of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption
with the UM-UKCA composition-climate model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14,
11221–11246.
Ridley, D. A., S. Solomon, J. E. Barnes, V.
D. Burlakov, T. Deshler, S.
I. Dolgii, A. B. Herber, T. Nagai, R. R. Neely III,
A. V. Nevzorov, C. Ritter, T.
Sakai, B. D. Santer, M. Sato,
A. Schmidt, O. Uchin, and J.
P. Vernier (2014),
Total volcanic stratospheric aerosol optical depths and
implications for global climate change,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 41,
7763–7769, doi: 10.1002/2014GL061541..
Kravitz, B., A. Robock,
A. Bourassa, T. Deshler, D. Wu, I. Mattis,
F. Finger, A. Hoffmann, C. Ritter, L. Bitar,T.
J. Duck, and J. E. Barnes, (2011), Simulation and observations
of stratospheric aerosols from the 2009 Sarychev
volcanic eruption, J. Geophys.
Res., 116, D18211, doi:10.1029/2010JD015501.
Wurl, D., Grainger, R. G.,
McDonald, A. J., and Deshler, T.: Optimal
estimation retrieval of aerosol microphysical properties from
SAGE~II satellite observations in the volcanically unperturbed
lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4295-4317,
doi:10.5194/acp-10-4295-2010, 2010 Deshler, T. (2008), A
Review of Global Stratospheric Aerosol: Measurements,
Importance, Life Cycle, and Local Stratospheric Aerosol, Atmos. Res., 90,
223-232.
Deshler, T. (2008), A Review of Global
Stratospheric Aerosol: Measurements, Importance, Life
Cycle, and Local Stratospheric Aerosol, Atmos. Res., 90,
223-232.
Eidhammer, T., D. C. Montague, and T. Deshler
(2008), Determination of index of refraction and size of supermicrometer particles from light
scattering measurements at two angles, J. Geophys.
Res., 113, D16206, doi:10.1029/2007JD009607.
Fromm, M., E. P. Shettle,
K.H. Fricke, C. Ritter, T. Trickl,
H. Giehl, M. Gerding, J. Barnes, M. O’Neill, S. T.
Massie, U. Blum, I. S. McDermid,
T. Leblanc, and T. Deshler (2008), The stratospheric impact of
the Chisholm PyroCumulonimbus
eruption: Part II, Vertical profile perspective, J. Geophys.
Res., 113, D08203, doi:10.1029/2007JD009147.
Deshler, T., R. Anderson-Sprecher, J. Barnes, B. Clemesha, S. Godin-Beekmann, R. G. Grainger, D. J.
Hofmann, H. Jäger, S.
Marsh, M. Osborn, and D. Simonich,
Non-volcanic stratospheric aerosol trends: 1971 - 2004, Chapter 5 of the SPARC Assessment of
Stratospheric Aerosol Properties (L. W. Thomason
and Th. Peter editors), WCRP-124, WMO/TD-No. 1295, SPARC
Report No. 4.
Deshler, T., R. Anderson-Sprecher, H. Jäger,
J. Barnes, D. J. Hofmann, B. Clemesha,
D. Simonich, M. Osborn, R. G.
Grainger, and S. Godin-Beekmann
(2006), Trends in the nonvolcanic
component of stratospheric aerosol over the period 1971–2004,
J. Geophys. Res, 111, D01201,
doi:10.1029/2005JD006089.
Deshler, T., M. E. Hervig,
D. J. Hofmann, J. M. Rosen, and J. B. Liley,
Thirty years of in situ stratospheric aerosol size
distribution measurements from Laramie, Wyoming (41°N), using
balloon-borne instruments, J. Geophys.
Res., 108(D5), 4167,
doi:10.1029/2002JD002514, 2003.
Jäger, H., and T. Deshler, Correction to Lidar
backscatter to extinction, mass and area conversions for
stratospheric aerosols based on midlatitude
balloonborne size distribution
measurements, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 30(7), 1382, doi:10.1029/2003GL017189, 2003.
Hofmann, D., J. Barnes, E. Dutton, T. Deshler, H.
Jäger, R. Keen, and
M. Osborn, Surface-based observations of volcanic
emissions to the stratosphere, in Volcanism and the Earth’s
Atmosphere, Geophys. Monogr 139, edited by A. Robock and C. Oppenheimer, pp. 57-73,
AGU, Washington, D.C., 2003.
Jäger, H., and T. Deshler, Lidar backscatter to
extinction, mass and area conversions for stratospheric
aerosols based on midlatitude balloonborne size distribution
measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(19),
1929, doi:10.1029/2002GL015609, 2002.
Hervig, M. E., and T. Deshler, Evaluation of
aerosol measurements from SAGE II, HALOE, and balloonborne optical particle
counters, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D3),
10.1029/2001JD000703, 2002.
Hervig, M. E., and T. Deshler, Stratospheric
aerosol surface area and volume inferred from HALOE,
CLAES, and ILAS measurements, J. Geophys.
Res., 103, 25345-25352, 1998.
Hofmann, D. J., R. Stone, M. Wood, T.
Deshler and J. Harris, An analysis of 25 years of balloonborne aerosol data in search of
a signature of the subsonic commercial aircraft fleet. Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 2433-2436, 1998.
Arnold, F., J. Curtius,
S. Spreng, and T. Deshler,
Stratospheric aerosol sulfuric acid: First direct in situ
measurements using a novel balloon-based mass spectrometer
apparatus, J. Atmos.
Chem., 30, 3-10, 1998.
Hervig, M. E., T. Deshler, and J. M. Russell III,
Aerosol size distributions obtained from HALOE spectral
extinction measurements, J. Geophys.
Res., 103, 1573-1583, 1998.
Deshler, T., J. B. Liley,
G. Bodeker, W. A. Matthews, and
D. J. Hofmann, Stratospheric aerosol following Pinatubo,
comparison of the north and south mid latitudes using in situ
measurements, Adv.
Space Res., 20, 2057-2061, 1997.
Ansmann, A., I. Mattis,
U. Wandinger, F. Wagner, J. Reichardt, and T. Deshler, Evolution
of the Pinatubo Aerosol: Raman lidar observations of particle
optical depth, effective radius, mass, and surface area over
central Europe at 53.4°N, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2630-2641, 1997.
Post, M. J., C. J. Grund, D. Wang, and T. Deshler,
Evolution of Mt. Pinatubo’s aerosol size distributions over
the continental United States: Two wavelength lidar retrievals
and in situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13,535 -13,542,
1997.
Thomason, L. W., L. R. Poole, and T.
Deshler, A global climatology of stratospheric aerosol surface
area density deduced from stratospheric aerosol and gas
experiment II measurements: 1984-1994, J. Geophys.
Res.,102,
8967-8976, 1997.
Poole, L., S. Godin, S. Bekki, T. Deshler, N. Larsen, and T.
Peter, Global distributions and
changes in stratospheric particles, Chapter 3 in WMO, Scientific Assessment of
Ozone Depletion: 1998, World Meteorological
Organization, Global Ozone
Research and Monitoring Project Report 44, Geneva,
Switzerland, 1999.
Jäger, H., T. Deshler, F. Homburg, and V. Freudenthaler, Five years of lidar
observations of the Pinatubo eruption cloud, in Advances in Atmospheric
Remote Sensing with Lidar, Ansmann,
Neuber, Rairous,
Wandinger (Eds.), Springer,
485-488, 1996
Massie, S. T., T. Deshler, G. E. Thomas, J.
L. Mergenthaler, J. M. Russell, Evolution of the infrared
properties of the Mt. Pinatubo aerosol cloud over Laramie,
Wyoming, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23007-23020,
1996.
Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, R. F. Pueschel, J. B. Pollack, S. Brooks, P.
Hamill, J. Hughes, L. Thomason, L. Stowe, T. Deshler, E.
Dutton, Global to microscale evolution of the Pinatubo
volcanic aerosol, derived from diverse measurements and
analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18745-18763,
1996.
Hervig, M.E., J.M. Russell III, L. L. Gordley, J. H. Park, S. R. Drayson, and T. Deshler Validation of
aerosol measurements made by the Halogen Occultation
Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10267-10276,
1996.
Lambert, A., R. G. Grainger, J. J. Remedios, W. J. Reburn,
C. D. Rodgers, F. W. Taylor, A. E. Roche, J. B. Kumer, S. J. Massie, and T. Deshler,
Validation of aerosol measurements from the improved
stratospheric and mesospheric sounder, J. Geophys.
Res., 101,
9811-9830, 1996.
Massie, S. T., et (21 authors) al,
Validation studies using multiwavelength
Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) observations
of stratospheric aerosol, J. Geophys.
Res., 101,
9757-9774, 1996.
Wandinger, U., A. Ansmann,
J. Reichardt, and T. Deshler,
Determination of stratospheric-aerosol microphysical
properties from independent extinction and backscattering
measurements with a Raman lidar, Applied Optics 34,
8315-8329, 1995.
Grainger, R. G., A. Lambert, C. D. Rodgers,
F. W. Taylor, and T. Deshler, Stratospheric aerosol effective
radius, surface area, and volume estimated from infrared
measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16507-16518,
1995.
Jäger, H., T. Deshler, and D. J. Hofmann, Midlatitude lidar backscatter
conversions based on balloonborne
aerosol measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22,
1729-1732, 1995.
Hofmann, D. J., S. J. Oltmans,
J. M. Harris, J. A. Lathrop, G. L. Koenig, W. D. Komhyr, R. D. Evans, D. M. Quincy, T.
Deshler and B. J. Johnson, Recovery of stratospheric ozone
over the United States in the winter of 1993-1994, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21,
1779-1782, 1994.
Deshler, T., In situ measurements of the
size distribution of the Pinatubo aerosol over Kiruna on four
days between 18 January and 13 February 1992, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 21, 1323-1326, 1994.
Hofmann, D. J., S. J. Oltmans,
W. D. Komhyr, J. M. Harris, J. A.
Lathrop, A. O. Langford, T. Deshler, B. J. Johnson, A. Torres,
and W. A. Matthews, Ozone loss in the lower stratosphere over
the United Stated in 1992-1993: Evidence for heterogeneous
chemistry on the Pinatubo aerosol, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 21, 65-68, 1994.
Deshler, T., B. J. Johnson, and W. R. Rozier, Balloonborne
measurements of Pinatubo aerosol during 1991 and 1992 at 41oN,
vertical profiles, size distribution, and volatility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20,
1435-1438, 1993.
Sheridan, P. J., R. C. Schnell, D. J.
Hofmann, and T. Deshler, Electron microscope studies of
aerosol layers with likely Kuwaiti origins over Laramie,
Wyoming, during spring 1991, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 19, 389-392,1992.
Deshler, T., and D. J. Hofmann,
Measurements of unusual aerosol layers in the upper
troposphere over Laramie, Wyoming, in the spring of 1991:
Evidence for long range transport from the oil fires in
Kuwait, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19,
385-388, 1992.
Sheridan, P. J., R. C. Schnell, D. J.
Hofmann, and T. Deshler, Electron microscope studies of
Mt. Pinatubo aerosol layers over Laramie, Wyoming, during
summer 1991, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19,
203-206, 1992.
Deshler, T., D. J. Hofmann, B. J. Johnson,
and W. R. Rozier, Balloonborne measurements of the
Pinatubo aerosol size distribution and volatility at Laramie,
Wyoming during the summer of 1991. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19,
199-202, 1992.
Polar
stratospheric cloud measurements
Snels, M., Cairo, F., Di Liberto,
L., Scoccione, A., Bracaglia, M., & Deshler, T.
(2021). Comparison of Coincident Optical Particle Counter and
Lidar Measurements of Polar Stratospheric Clouds Above McMurdo
(77.85°S, 166.67°E) From 1994 to 1999. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Atmospheres, 126(6),
e2020JD033572. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033572
Höpfner, M., Deshler, T., Pitts, M., Poole,
L., Spang, R., Stiller, G., &
Clarmann, T. von. (2018). The
MIPAS/Envisat climatology
(2002–2012) of polar stratospheric cloud volume density
profiles. Atmospheric
Measurement Techniques, 11(10), 5901–5923. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5901-2018
Di Liberto,
L., R. Lehmann, I. Tritscher, F.
Fierli, J. L. Mercer, M. Snels, G. Di Donfrancesco,
T. Deshler, B. P. Luo, J-U. Grooß,
E. Arnone, B. M. Dinelli, and F. Cairo (2015), Lagrangian analysis of microphysical
and chemical processes in the Antarctic stratosphere: a case
study, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 15, 6651–6665.
Ward, S. M., T. Deshler, and A.
Hertzog (2014), Quasi-Lagrangian measurements of nitric acid
trihydrate formation over
Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, doi:10.1002/2013JD020326.
Campbell, P., and T. Deshler (2014), Condensation
nuclei measurements in the midlatitude
(1982–2012) and Antarctic (1986–2010) stratosphere between 20
and 35 km, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, doi:10.1002/2013JD019710.
Weisser, C., K. Mauersberger,
J. Schreiner, N. Larsen, F. Cairo, A. Adriani,
J. Ovarlez, and T. Deshler
Composition analysis of liquid particles in the Arctic
stratosphere under synoptic conditions, Atmos. Chem. Physics, 6,
689-696, 1-3-2006.
Scarchilli, C., A. Adriani,
F. Cairo, G. Di Donfrancesco, C.
Buontempor, M. Snels, M. L. Moriconei.
T. Deshler, N. Larsen, B. Luo, K. Mauersberger,
J. Ovarlez, J. Rosen, and J.
Schreiner, Determination of PSC particle refractive indices
using in situ optical measurements and T-Matrix calculation. Appl. Optics, 16, 3302-, 2005.
Eidhammer, T., and T. Deshler,
Evaporation of polar stratospheric particles in situ in a
heated inlet, Atmos. Chem. Physics., 5,
97-106, 21-1-2005
Larsen, N., B. M. Knudsen, S. H. Svendsen, T. Deshler, J. M. Rosen, R.
Kivi, C. Weisser,
J. Schreiner, K. Mauersberger, F.
Cairo, J. Ovarlez, H. Oelhaf, and A. Schmidt, Formation of
solid particles in synoptic-scale Arctic PSCs in early winter
2002/2003. Atmos. Chem.
Physics., 4, 2001-2013, 2004
Vogel, B., R. Müller, T. Deshler, J.-U. Groob, J. Karhu, D. S. McKenna, M.
Müller, D. Toohey, G. C. Toon,
and F. Stroh, Vertical profiles of activated ClO and ozone loss in the Arctic
vortex in January and March 2000: In situ observations and
model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D22), 8334,
doi:10.1029/2002JD002564, 2003.
Deshler, T., N. Larsen, C. Weisser, J. Schreiner, K. Mauersberger, F. Cairo, A. Adriani, G. Di Donfrancesco,
J. Ovarlez H. Ovarlez, U. Blum, K.H. Fricke, and A.
Dörnbrack, Large nitric acid particles at the top of an
Arctic stratospheric cloud, J. Geophys. Res.,
108(D16), 4517, doi:10.1029/2003JD003479, 2003.
Voigt, C., N. Larsen, T. Deshler, C. Kröger, J. Schreiner; K. Mauersberger, B. Luo, A. Adriani, F. Cairo, G. Di Donfrancesco, J. Ovarlez,
H. Ovarlez, A. Dörnbrack, B. Knudsen, J. Rosen, In
situ mountain-wave polar stratospheric cloud measurements:
Implications for nitric acid trihydrate
formation J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D5)
10.1029/2001JD001185, 2003.
Schreiner, J., C. Voigt, C. Weisser, A. Kohlmann,
K. Mauersberger, T. Deshler, C. Kröger, J. Rosen, N. Kjome, N. Larsen, A. Adriani, F. Cairo, G. Di Donfrancesco, J. Ovarlez,
H. Ovarlez, A. Dörnbrack, Chemical, microphysical,
and optical properties of polar stratospheric clouds, J. Geophys.
Res., 108, D5, 8313, doi:10.1029/2001JD000825, 2003.
Renard, J., G. Berthet,
C. Robert, M. Chartier, M. Pirre, C. Brogniez,
M. Herman, C. Verwaerde, J. Balois, J. Ovarlez,
H. Ovarlez, J. Crespin, and T. Deshler, Optical and
physical properties of stratospheric aerosols from balloon
measurements in the visible and near-infrared domains. II.
Comparison of extinction, reflectance, polarization, and
counting measurements, Appl.
Optics, 41, 7540-7549, 2002.
Larsen, N., S. Hoyer, Svendsen,
B. M. Knudsen, I. S. Mikkelsen,
C. Voigt, A. Kohlmann, J.
Schreiner, K. Mauersberger, T.
Deshler, C. Kröger, J. M. Rosen,
N. T. Kjome, A. Adriani, F. Cairo, G. Di Donfrancesco, J. Ovarlez,
H. Ovarlez, A. Dörnbrack, T. Birner,
Microphysical mesoscale simulations of polar stratospheric
cloud formation constrained by in situ measurements of
chemical and optical cloud properties, J. Geophys.
Res., 107(D20), 8301, doi:10.1029/2001JD000999, 2002.
Höpfner, M., H. Oelhaf,
G. Wetzel, F. Friedl-Vallon, A. Kleinert, A. Lengel,
G. Maucher, H. Nordmeyer, N. Glatthor, G. Stiller, T. v. Clarmann, H. Fischer, C. Kröger, T. Deshler, Evidence of
scattering of tropospheric radiation by PSCs in mid-IR limb
emission spectra: MIPAS-B observations and KOPRA simulations,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 10.1029/2001GL014443, 2002.
Schiller, C., T. Deshler, and T. Peter,
Contamination-induced particle production during balloon
flights: Origin for unexpected ice particle observations in
the Arctic?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3247-3250,
2001
Voigt, C., J. Schreiner, A. Kohlmann, K. Mauersberger,
N. Larsen, T. Deshler, C. Kröger,
J. Rosen, A. Adriani, F. Cairo,
G. Di Donfrancesco, M. Viterbini, J. Orvalez
and H. Orvalez, C. David, and A.
Dörnbrack, Nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) in polar
stratospheric cloud particles, Science, 290,
1756-1758, 2000.
Borrmann, S., A. Thomas, V. Rudakov,
V. Yushkov, B. Lepuchov, T. Deshler, N. Vinnichenko, V. Khattatov,
and L. Stefanutti, Stratospheric
aerosol measurements in the Arctic winter of 1996/1997 with
the M-55 Geophysika high-altitude
research aircraft, Tellus, 52B, 1088-1103,
2000.
Riviere, E. D., N. Huret,
F. G.-Taupin, J.-B. Renard, M. Pirre,
S. D. Eckermann, N. Larsen, T.
Deshler, F. Lefevre, S. Payan, C. Camy-Peyret,
Role of lee waves in the formation of solid polar
stratospheric clouds: Cases studies from February 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6845-6853,
2000.
Deshler, T. B. Nardi,
A. Adriani, F. Cairo, G. Hansen,
F. Fierli, A. Hauchercorne, and L. Pulvirenti, Determining the
index of refraction of polar stratospheric clouds above Andoya (69°N) by combining
size-resolved concentration and optical scattering
measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3943-3953,
2000.
Sugita, T., Y. Kondo, M. Koike, M. Kanada, N. Toriyama,
and H. Nakajima, T. Deshler, and R. Imasu,
Balloon-borne optical counter for in situ aerosol measurement,
J. Atmos. Chem, 32, 183-204, 1999.
Mehrtens, H., U. von Zahn, F. Fierli,
B. Nardi, and T. Deshler, Type I
PSC-particle properties: Measurements at ALOMAR 1995 to 1997,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 603-606,
1999.
Deshler, T., and S. J. Oltmans, Vertical profiles of volcanic
aerosol and polar stratospheric clouds above Kiruna, Sweden:
Winters 1993 and 1995, J.
Atmos. Chem, 30, 11-23, 1998.
Kondo, Y., T. Sugita, R. J. Salawitch, M. Koike, and T. Deshler,
Effect of Pinatubo aerosols on stratospheric NO, J. Geophys.
Res., 102, 1205-1213, 1997.
Deshler, T., B. J. Johnson, D. J. Hofmann,
and B. Nardi, Correlations
between ozone loss and volcanic aerosol at altitudes below 14
km over McMurdo Station, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21,
2931-2934, 1996.
Kondo, Y., S. R. Kawa, D. Lary, T. Sugita, A. R. Douglass, E. Lutman, M. Koike, and T. Deshler,
Interpretation of nitric oxide profile observed in January
1992 over Kiruna, J.
Geophys. Res., 101,
12555-12566, 1996.
Adriani, A., T. Deshler, G. Di Donfrancesco, and G. P. Gobbi, Polar stratospheric clouds and
volcanic aerosol during 1992 spring over McMurdo Station,
Antarctica: Lidar and particle counter comparisons, J. Geophys.
Res., 100, 25877-25898, 1995.
Deshler, T., Th. Peter, R. Müller, and P.
J. Crutzen, The lifetime of leewave-induced ice particles in the
Arctic stratosphere: I. Balloonborne
measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21,
1327-1330, 1994.
Peter, Th, P.
J. Crutzen, R. Müller, and T.
Deshler, The lifetime of leewave-induced
ice particles in the Arctic stratosphere: II. Stabilization
due to NAT-coating. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21,
1331-1334, 1994.
Deshler, T., B. J. Johnson, and W. R. Rozier, Changes in the character of
polar stratospheric clouds over Antarctica in 1992 due to the
Pinatubo volcanic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21,
273-276, 1994.
Adriani, A., T. Deshler, G.P. Gobbi, B.J. Johnson, and G.Di Donfrancesco,
Polar stratospheric clouds over McMurdo Station, Antarctica,
during the 1991 spring: lidar and particle counter
measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19,
1755-1758, 1992.
Deshler, T., A. Adriani,
D. J. Hofmann, and G. P. Gobbi,
Evidence for denitrification in the 1990 Antarctic spring
stratosphere: II Lidar and aerosol measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18,
1999-2002, 1991.
Gobbi, G. P., T. Deshler, A. Adriani, and D. J. Hofmann, Evidence
for denitrification in the 1990 Antarctic spring
stratosphere: I Lidar and temperature measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18,
1995-1998, 1991.
Hofmann, D. J. and T. Deshler,
Stratospheric cloud observations during formation of the
Antarctic ozone hole in 1989, J. Geophys.
Res., 96, 2897-2912, 1991.
Hofmann, D. J. and T. Deshler, Balloonborne measurements of polar
stratospheric clouds and ozone at -93oC
in the Arctic in February 1990, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17,
2185-2188, 1990.
Hofmann, D. J., T. Deshler, F. Arnold, and
H. Schlager, Balloon observations
of nitric acid aerosol formation in the arctic stratosphere:
II. Aerosol., Geophys. Res. Lett., 17,
1279-1282, 1990.
Schlager, H., F. Arnold, D. Hofmann, and T.
Deshler, Balloon observations of nitric acid aerosol formation
in the arctic stratosphere: I. Gaseous nitric acid, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17,
1275-1278, 1990.
Tropical
measurements
Tidiga, M.; Berthet,
G.; Jégou, F.; Kloss, C.; Bègue, N.; Vernier, J.-P.; Renard, J.-B.; Bossolasco,
A.; Clarisse, L.; Taha, G.; Portafaix, T.; Deshler, T.; Wienhold, F.G.; Godin-Beekmann, S.; Payen,
G.; Metzger, J.-M.; Duflot, V.; Marquestaut, N. Variability of the
Aerosol Content in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere from 2013
to 2019: Evidence of Volcanic Eruption Impacts. Atmosphere
2022, 13,
250. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/2/250
Mahnke, C., Weigel,
R., Cairo, F., Vernier, J.-P., Afchine,
A., Krämer, M., Mitev, V., Matthey, R., Viciani, S., D’Amato, F., Ploeger, F., Deshler, T., & Borrmann, S. (2021). The Asian
tropopause aerosol layer within the 2017 monsoon anticyclone:
Microphysical properties derived from aircraft-borne in situ
measurements. Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics, 21(19), 15259–15282.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15259-2021
Vernier, J.-P., Fairlie,
T. D., Deshler, T., Venkat Ratnam, M., Gadhavi,
H., Kumar, B. S., … Renard, J.-B.
(2017). BATAL: The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian
Tropopause Aerosol Layer. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, 99(5), 955–973. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0014.1
Vernier, J.-P., T.
D. Fairlie,
T. Deshler, M.
Natarajan, T. Knepp, K.
Foster, F. G. Wienhold, K.
M. Bedka,
L. Thomason, and C. Trepte (2016), In situ and space-based
observations of the Kelud volcanic plume: The persistence of
ash in the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys.
Res. Atmos., 121, 11,104–11,118,
doi:10.1002/2016JD025344.
Bourassa, A. E., A. Robock, W. J. Randel, T. Deshler, L.
A. Rieger, N. D. Lloyd, E. J.
Llewellyn, and D. A. Degenstein
(2012), Large volcanic aerosol load in the stratosphere linked
to Asian monsoon transport, Science, 337, 78-81.
Vernier, J.-P., Pommereau, J.-P.,
Thomason, L. W., Pelon, J.,
Garnier, A.,
Deshler, T., Jumelet, J.,
and Nielsen, J. K.: Overshooting of clean
tropospheric air in the tropical lower stratosphere as seen by
the CALIPSO lidar, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9683-9696,
doi:10.5194/acp-11-9683-2011, 2011.
Borrmann, S., Kunkel, D., Weigel, R., Minikin, A.,
Deshler, T., Wilson, J. C., Curtius, J.,
Volk, C. M., Homan, C. D., Ulanovsky, A., Ravegnani, F., Viciani, S., Shur, G. N., Belyaev, G. V.,
Law, K. S., and Cairo, F.: Aerosols in the
tropical and subtropical UT/LS: in-situ measurements of
submicron particle abundance and volatility, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 10, 5573-5592, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5573-2010, 2010.