University of Wyoming stratospheric
aerosol size distributions available on the anonymous ftp
site: cat.uwyo.edu. Last
updated 28 June 2020.
Principal Investigator: Terry Deshler, Professor Emeritus,
Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming,
Research Scientist, LASP, University of Colorado.
1000 E. Univ. Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA, 307-760-2935, Fax:
307-766-2635, deshler@uwyo.edu
These data result from in-situ
balloonborne size resolved aerosol concentration measurements
collected using University of Wyoming aerosol counters. Almost
all flights from Laramie begin between 11:00 and 14:00 UT. The
sizes measured always include condensation nuclei (CN, r >
0.01 um) and particles with radius
> 0.15 um (um=micrometer).
Measurements in 12 size classes
have been completed since 1991. See Deshler
et al. [2003] for a description of the measurements and
a table with the complete measurement history.
Acknowledgments: The measurements over the years have been
primarily supported by the National Science Foundation and
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, with some
support from the Naval Research Laboratory. They have
resulted from the efforts of many individuals employed by
the University of Wyoming over the years. My incomplete list
of the most important contributors includes: Jim Rosen, Dave
Hofmann, Norm Kjome, Gary Olson, Jim Hereford, Lyle Womack,
Jason Gonzales, Lou King, Stan Smith, Ben Heesen, Bryan
Johnson, Bruno Nardi, Chris Kröger, and Jennifer Mercer, and graduate
students: Rod Rozier, Dongliang Wang, Rigeto Zhao, Christos
Mitas, Bill Bellon, Chuntao Liu, Qun Miao, Sharon Gill, Jian
Yongxiao, Andrew Glen, Leslie Baran, Stephanie Luberda,
Shauna Ward, Jaclyn Ritzman, Mark Hervig, David Delene,
Trude Eidhammer, Mahesh Kovilakam, Patrick Campbell.
If these data are useful for your work and/or publication, I would appreciate inclusion and/or proper referencing and acknowledgment for the source of these data.
New: The in situ aerosol measurements have been revised following Deshler et al. [2019]. These files are in the subfolders .../Nr_Full_Profile/ and .../SizeDist_Stratosphere/ under each of the flight locations. This is considered the UWv2.0 data. The earlier version of the data is maintained in the subfolder .../UWv1.0/ within each flight location folder. The addition of /UWv2.0/ for all flight locations was updated on the web site in mid January 2021. With this completion the prior subfolders /UWv2.0/ were removed and the contents moved up to the primary folders under each flight location.
For the revised data there are, in addition to the ASCII
data files for each flight, IDL.sav files which can be
used to access the data. The names of the IDL.sav are
indicative of the contents and the instrument included.
When more than one instrument is used for a data set there
are separate IDL.sav files for each instrument in addition
to one containing all the data. Thus, e.g.,
*_WPC.sav includes only measurements from the Wyoming
particle counter (WPC) [Deshler et al., 2003], *_LPC.sav
includes only measurements from the laser particle counter
(LPC) [Ward
et al., 2014]. Each of the individual ASCII files
contains a 86(MM) - 94 (WY) line header containing both
general and specific metadata for the flight. The IDL.sav
files are available for the folders containing more than a
few measurements, so: .../US_Laramie_41N_105W,
.../Ant_McMurdo_78S_167E/, .../NZ_Lauder_45S_170E/,
.../SE_Kiruna_68N_21E/.
The
papers describing the data revision are the
following:
Deshler, T., Luo,
B., Kovilakam, M., Peter, T., & Kalnajs, L. E. (2019).
Retrieval of Aerosol Size Distributions From In Situ
Particle Counter Measurements: Instrument Counting
Efficiency and Comparisons With Satellite Measurements. Journal
of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(9),
5058�5087. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029558
The Wyoming aerosol data from
1971-1988, PI Jim Rosen, are found on the NDACC data base at http://www.ndaccdemo.org/stations/laramie-wy-united-states
The Wyoming aerosol data from 1989 to the present, PI Terry
Deshler, can be found within the
directory ftp://cat.uwyo.edu/pub/permanent/balloon/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/
where there are the
following subdirectories:
Note that none of these links area active within modern
browsers, Firefox, Chrome, ..., for anonymous ftp. Each link
will ask you to choose
an appropriate application for anonymous ftp.
Location Years of measurements
Mid latitudes
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/US_Laramie_ 41N_105W/ (1989-2020)
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/NZ_Lauder_ 45S_170E/ (1991-2001)
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/AU_Mildura_ 34S_142E/ (1972-1980)
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/FR_AirLaDour 44N_0W/ (1995)
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/FR_Gap_
45N_6E/
(1996, 1997)
Polar
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/Ant_McMurdo_78S_167E/
(1989-2010)
/Lagrangian
measurements South of 60S
(2010)
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/SE_Kiruna_
68N_21E/
(1990-2004)
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/SE_Andoya
69N_16E/ (1996, 1997)
Tropical
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/AU_Darwin_ 13S_132E/ (2005, 2014)
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/BR_Teresina_ 5S_43W/ (2008)
/Aerosol_InSitu_Meas/NI_Niamey_ 13N_2E/ (2006, 2008)
Within each of these
directories are the following subdirectories/folders:
/Nr_Full_Profile/ - Sounding files for aerosol size
and number concentration. The file name, e.g.
20080622_WY_WPC_ATA6m.ASC, indicates the date (yyyymmdd) and
location, MM=McMurdo, WY=Laramie, the instrument name
(WPC_ATA6m). The file extension indicates the vertical
resolution, .ASC, implies full data , or an average, e.g.
.500m for a 500 m average. These differences in the vertical
averaging are separated into separate subfolders. The files
include measurements from the surface to balloon burst.
/SizeDist_Stratosphere/ - Log normal size distributions
(either unimodal or bimodal) at the vertical resolution
indicated in the file name. The file names are somewhat long
and include the name of the source file for the
measurements, including the vertical resolution, the
altitude at which the size distributions begin (typically
the tropopause), and "_Srs_ce" which indicates the fit was
completed with the new fitting algorithm which accounts for
the instrument counting efficiency at each channel size.
/UWv1.0
Structure of Size Distribution
Files V2.0: The
structure of these files is self evident. The two lines just
preceding the data in each file provide first a cryptic
description of each column and then the column units, then
the data begin at line 95 generally.
The additional material below here on the v1.0 data is left for historical purposes. While that no longer applies to the UWv2.0 data, the references below are still valid.
Structure of Size
Distribution Files V1.0:
The file name corresponds to the date of the flight in YYMMDD and a two letter place identifier. The extension indicates the averaging interval as indicated above. The lower altitude corresponds to the tropopause for that day, while the upper altitude is the top of the sounding.
The first line of the data file contains the date, instruments used, flight number, and sizes measured. The next two lines contain column labels and units for the data columns.
Data file columns:
1 - Type of fit: 1-> monomodal (=> 11 columns), 2-> bimodal (=> 14 columns)
2 - Potential temperature (K), calculated
3 - Altitude (km), calculated from
hydrostatic equation - for missing altitudes see Error of
the fit discussion below
4 - Pressure (hPa), measured with Vaisala sensor, precision ~0.5 hPa
5 - Temperature (K), measured with Vaisala sensor, precision ~0.1 K
6 - Surface area (um2 cm-3), calculated, precision +/- 40%
7 - Volume (um3 cm-3), calculated, precision +/- 40%
8 - Error of the fit (see below)
9 - N1 = (CN - N2)
(cm-3), measured. N1 = the total number
concentration of the first mode lognormal size distribution.
10 - r1 (um),
calculated from size distributions fit to aerosol
measurements. r1 = the median radius of the first mode
lognormal size distribution.
11 - s1,
calculated from size distributions fit to aerosol
measurements. s1 = the geometric standard deviation of
the first mode lognormal size distribution.
12 - N2 (cm-3), calculated from size distributions fit to aerosol measurements. N2 = the total number concentration of the second mode lognormal size distribution.
13 - r2 (um),, calculated from size distributions fit to aerosol measurements. r2 = the median radius of the second mode lognormal size distribution.
14 - s2, calculated from size distributions fit to aerosol measurements. s2 = the geometric standard deviation of the second mode lognormal size distribution.
Error of the fit = S{ln (Nm(r) / Nc(r)}2. Nm(r) is the measured number concentration and Nc(r) the number concentration calculated from the size distributions fit to the measurements. Altitudes for which reasonable lognormal size distributions could not be obtained are not included.
Structure of Aerosol Concentration (N(r) Files:
The file name corresponds to the date of the flight in YYMMDD and a two letter place identifier. The extension indicates the averaging interval as described above. The lower altitude corresponds, generally, to the surface, while the upper altitude is the top of the sounding. The structure of all Nr_ files are the same, with the exception that ozone may or may not be included. If included it appears as the 5th column.
The first line of the data file contains the date, instruments used, flight number, and number of sizes measured (NoCh). The next two lines contain column labels and units for the data columns.
Data file columns:
1 - Potential temperature (K), calculated
2 - Altitude (km), calculated from hydrostatic equation
3 - Pressure (hPa), measured with Vaisala sensor, precision ~0.5 hPa
4 - Temperature (K), measured with Vaisala sensor, precision ~0.1 K
5 - Concentration (cm-3) of condensation nuclei (CN). In many of the remote locations this is included either from a long term average or a measurements close in time to the size distribution measurement.
6-NoCh+4 - N(r>x.xx) concentration (cm-3), where x.xx = particle radius. For precision and detection limit see discussion below. A more complete discussion is provided by Deshler et al. [2003].
The minimum concentration measurable with these instruments is given by S / F. for sample frequency, S=0.1 Hz, and flow rate, F. For example, the minimum concentration detectable is 5.7 x 10-4 cm-3 for F = 167 cm3 s-1, and 5.7 x 10-3 cm-3 for F = 16.7 cm3 s-1. When the aerosol concentration is below the detection threshold of the instrument the concentration is arbitrarily assigned a value of 1.01E-39. The first channel at which this occurs is arbitrarily assigned a value of 1.01 E-06 and is used to fix the large particle tail of the size distribution.
Poisson statistics define the fractional uncertainty of a counting measurement as its inverse square root, C-0.5 for C counts in one sample, becoming important at low concentrations. The aerosol concentration, N = C S / F. Thus the Poisson error fraction, in terms of concentration, is (N F / S)-0.5. For these instruments: S = 0.1 Hz, F = 16.7 cm3 s-1 for a two channel counter and CN counter, and F = 167 cm3 s-1 for a counter with more than two channels. In the stratosphere these flow rates are reduced to about 80% of these values by temperature differences between outside air and pump. This leads to uncertainties of 85, 25, and 8% for concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 cm-3 at the low flow rate and concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 cm-3 at the high flow rate. This error dominates at concentrations below 0.1 (0.01) cm-3 for the low (high) flow rate instrument. At concentrations higher than these a concentration error of +/-10% reflects comparisons of concentration measurements from two instruments using identical aerosol in the laboratory.
For references and a description of the instruments see:
Hofmann, D. J. and T. Deshler, Stratospheric cloud observations during formation of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2897-2912, 1991.
Deshler, T., B. J. Johnson, and W. R. Rozier, Balloonborne measurements of Pinatubo aerosol during 1991 and 1992 at 41°N, vertical profiles, size distribution, and volatility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1435-1438, 1993.
Deshler, T., and S. J. Oltmans, Vertical profiles of volcanic aerosol and polar stratospheric clouds above Kiruna, Sweden: Winters 1993 and 1995, J. Atmos. Chem, 30, 11-23, 1998.
Deshler, T., M. E. Hervig, D. J. Hofmann, J. M. Rosen, and J. B. Liley, Thirty years of in situ stratospheric aerosol size distribution measurements from Laramie, Wyoming (41°N), using balloon-borne instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D5), 4167, doi:10.1029/2002JD002514, 2003. (see Deshler_et_al_JGR_2003.pdf)
Deshler, T., R. Anderson-Sprecher, H. Jäger, J. Barnes, D. J. Hofmann, B. Clemesha, D. Simonich, M. Osborn, R. G. Grainger, and S. Godin-Beekmann (2006), Trends in the nonvolcanic component of stratospheric aerosol over the period 1971–2004, J. Geophys. Res, 111, D01201, doi:10.1029/2005JD006089.
A bibligography, since 1990, of the literature in which Wyoming Aerosol counters played a role in the analysis of mid latitude and polar stratospheric cloud measurements follows here:
Mid Latitude Measurements
Deshler, T. (2008), A Review of Global Stratospheric Aerosol: Measurements, Importance, Life Cycle, and Local Stratospheric Aerosol, Atmos. Res., 90, 223-232.
Eidhammer, T., D. C. Montague, and T. Deshler (2008), Determination of index of refraction and size of supermicrometer particles from light scattering measurements at two angles, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16206, doi:10.1029/2007JD009607.
Fromm, M., E. P. Shettle, K.H. Fricke, C. Ritter, T. Trickl, H. Giehl, M. Gerding, J. Barnes, M. O’Neill, S. T. Massie, U. Blum, I. S. McDermid, T. Leblanc, and T. Deshler (2008), The stratospheric impact of the Chisholm PyroCumulonimbus eruption: Part II, Vertical profile perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D08203, doi:10.1029/2007JD009147.
Deshler, T., R. Anderson-Sprecher, J. Barnes, B. Clemesha, S. Godin-Beekmann, R. G. Grainger, D. J. Hofmann, H. Jäger, S. Marsh, M. Osborn, and D. Simonich, Non-volcanic stratospheric aerosol trends: 1971 - 2004, Chapter 5 of the SPARC Assessment of Stratospheric Aerosol Properties (L. W. Thomason and Th. Peter editors), WCRP-124, WMO/TD-No. 1295, SPARC Report No. 4.
Deshler, T., R. Anderson-Sprecher, H. Jäger, J. Barnes, D. J. Hofmann, B. Clemesha, D. Simonich, M. Osborn, R. G. Grainger, and S. Godin-Beekmann (2006), Trends in the nonvolcanic component of stratospheric aerosol over the period 1971–2004, J. Geophys. Res, 111, D01201, doi:10.1029/2005JD006089.
Deshler, T., M. E. Hervig, D. J. Hofmann, J. M. Rosen, and J. B. Liley, Thirty years of in situ stratospheric aerosol size distribution measurements from Laramie, Wyoming (41°N), using balloon-borne instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D5), 4167, doi:10.1029/2002JD002514, 2003.
Jäger, H., and T. Deshler, Correction to Lidar backscatter to extinction, mass and area conversions for stratospheric aerosols based on midlatitude balloonborne size distribution measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(7), 1382, doi:10.1029/2003GL017189, 2003.
Jäger, H., and T. Deshler, Lidar backscatter to extinction, mass and area conversions for stratospheric aerosols based on midlatitude balloonborne size distribution measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(19), 1929, doi:10.1029/2002GL015609, 2002.
Hervig, M. E., and T. Deshler, Evaluation of aerosol measurements from SAGE II, HALOE, and balloonborne optical particle counters, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D3), 10.1029/2001JD000703, 2002.
Hervig, M. E., and T. Deshler, Stratospheric aerosol surface area and volume inferred from HALOE, CLAES, and ILAS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25345-25352, 1998.
Hofmann, D. J., R. Stone, M. Wood, T. Deshler and J. Harris, An analysis of 25 years of balloonborne aerosol data in search of a signature of the subsonic commercial aircraft fleet. Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 2433-2436, 1998.
Arnold, F., J. Curtius, S. Spreng, and T. Deshler, Stratospheric aerosol sulfuric acid: First direct in situ measurements using a novel balloon-based mass spectrometer apparatus, J. Atmos. Chem., 30, 3-10, 1998.
Hervig, M. E., T. Deshler, and J. M. Russell III, Aerosol size distributions obtained from HALOE spectral extinction measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1573-1583, 1998.
Ansmann, A., I. Mattis, U. Wandinger, F. Wagner, J. Reichardt, and T. Deshler, Evolution of the Pinatubo Aerosol: Raman lidar observations of particle optical depth, effective radius, mass, and surface area over central Europe at 53.4°N, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2630-2641, 1997.
Post, M. J., C. J. Grund, D. Wang, and T. Deshler, Evolution of Mt. Pinatubo’s aerosol size distributions over the continental United States: Two wavelength lidar retrievals and in situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13,535 -13,542, 1997.
Thomason, L. W., L. R. Poole, and T. Deshler, A global climatology of stratospheric aerosol surface area density deduced from stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment II measurements: 1984-1994, J. Geophys. Res.,102, 8967-8976, 1997.
Poole, L., S. Godin, S. Bekki, T. Deshler, N. Larsen, and T. Peter, Global distributions and changes in stratospheric particles, Chapter 3 in WMO, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998, World Meteorological Organization, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report 44, Geneva, Switzerland, 1999.
Jäger, H., T. Deshler, F. Homburg, and V. Freudenthaler, Five years of lidar observations of the Pinatubo eruption cloud, in Advances in Atmospheric Remote Sensing with Lidar, Ansmann, Neuber, Rairous, Wandinger (Eds.), Springer, 485-488, 1996
Massie, S. T., T. Deshler, G. E. Thomas, J. L. Mergenthaler, J. M. Russell, Evolution of the infrared properties of the Mt. Pinatubo aerosol cloud over Laramie, Wyoming, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23007-23020, 1996.
Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, R. F. Pueschel, J. B. Pollack, S. Brooks, P. Hamill, J. Hughes, L. Thomason, L. Stowe, T. Deshler, E. Dutton, Global to microscale evolution of the Pinatubo volcanic aerosol, derived from diverse measurements and analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18745-18763, 1996.
Hervig, M.E., J.M. Russell III, L. L. Gordley, J. H. Park, S. R. Drayson, and T. Deshler Validation of aerosol measurements made by the Halogen Occultation Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10267-10276, 1996.
Lambert, A., R. G. Grainger, J. J. Remedios, W. J. Reburn, C. D. Rodgers, F. W. Taylor, A. E. Roche, J. B. Kumer, S. J. Massie, and T. Deshler, Validation of aerosol measurements from the improved stratospheric and mesospheric sounder, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9811-9830, 1996.
Massie, S. T., et (21 authors) al, Validation studies using multiwavelength Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) observations of stratospheric aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9757-9774, 1996.
Wandinger, U., A. Ansmann, J. Reichardt, and T. Deshler, Determination of stratospheric-aerosol microphysical properties from independent extinction and backscattering measurements with a Raman lidar, Applied Optics 34, 8315-8329, 1995.
Grainger, R. G., A. Lambert, C. D. Rodgers, F. W. Taylor, and T. Deshler, Stratospheric aerosol effective radius, surface area, and volume estimated from infrared measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16507-16518, 1995.
Jäger, H., T. Deshler, and D. J. Hofmann, Midlatitude lidar backscatter conversions based on balloonborne aerosol measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1729-1732, 1995.
Hofmann, D. J., S. J. Oltmans, J. M. Harris, J. A. Lathrop, G. L. Koenig, W. D. Komhyr, R. D. Evans, D. M. Quincy, T. Deshler and B. J. Johnson, Recovery of stratospheric ozone over the United States in the winter of 1993-1994, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1779-1782, 1994.
Deshler, T., In situ measurements of the size distribution of the Pinatubo aerosol over Kiruna on four days between 18 January and 13 February 1992, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1323-1326, 1994.
Hofmann, D. J., S. J. Oltmans, W. D. Komhyr, J. M. Harris, J. A. Lathrop, A. O. Langford, T. Deshler, B. J. Johnson, A. Torres, and W. A. Matthews, Ozone loss in the lower stratosphere over the United Stated in 1992-1993: Evidence for heterogeneous chemistry on the Pinatubo aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 65-68, 1994.
Deshler, T., B. J. Johnson, and W. R. Rozier, Balloonborne measurements of Pinatubo aerosol during 1991 and 1992 at 41oN, vertical profiles, size distribution, and volatility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1435-1438, 1993.
Sheridan, P. J., R. C. Schnell, D. J. Hofmann, and T. Deshler, Electron microscope studies of aerosol layers with likely Kuwaiti origins over Laramie, Wyoming, during spring 1991, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 389-392,1992.
Deshler, T., and D. J. Hofmann, Measurements of unusual aerosol layers in the upper troposphere over Laramie, Wyoming, in the spring of 1991: Evidence for long range transport from the oil fires in Kuwait, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 385-388, 1992.
Sheridan, P. J., R. C. Schnell, D. J. Hofmann, and T. Deshler, Electron microscope studies of Mt. Pinatubo aerosol layers over Laramie, Wyoming, during summer 1991, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 203-206, 1992.
Deshler, T., D. J. Hofmann, B. J. Johnson, and W. R. Rozier, Balloonborne measurements of the Pinatubo aerosol size distribution and volatility at Laramie, Wyoming during the summer of 1991. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 199-202, 1992.
Polar stratospheric clouds measurements
Weisser, C., K. Mauersberger, J. Schreiner, N. Larsen, F. Cairo, A. Adriani, J. Ovarlez, and T. Deshler Composition analysis of liquid particles in the Arctic stratosphere under synoptic conditions, Atmos. Chem. Physics, 6, 689-696, 1-3-2006.
Scarchilli, C., A. Adriani, F. Cairo, G. Di Donfrancesco, C. Buontempor, M. Snels, M. L. Moriconei. T. Deshler, N. Larsen, B. Luo, K. Mauersberger, J. Ovarlez, J. Rosen, and J. Schreiner, Determination of PSC particle refractive indices using in situ optical measurements and T-Matrix calculation. Appl. Optics, 16, 3302-, 2005.
Eidhammer, T., and T. Deshler, Evaporation of polar stratospheric particles in situ in a heated inlet, Atmos. Chem. Physics., 5, 97-106, 21-1-2005
Larsen, N., B. M. Knudsen, S. H. Svendsen, T. Deshler, J. M. Rosen, R. Kivi, C. Weisser, J. Schreiner, K. Mauersberger, F. Cairo, J. Ovarlez, H. Oelhaf, and A. Schmidt, Formation of solid particles in synoptic-scale Arctic PSCs in early winter 2002/2003. Atmos. Chem. Physics., 4, 2001-2013, 2004
Vogel, B., R. Müller, T. Deshler, J.-U. Groob, J. Karhu, D. S. McKenna, M. Müller, D. Toohey, G. C. Toon, and F. Stroh, Vertical profiles of activated ClO and ozone loss in the Arctic vortex in January and March 2000: In situ observations and model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D22), 8334, doi:10.1029/2002JD002564, 2003.
Deshler, T., N. Larsen, C. Weisser, J. Schreiner, K. Mauersberger, F. Cairo, A. Adriani, G. Di Donfrancesco, J. Ovarlez H. Ovarlez, U. Blum, K.H. Fricke, and A. Dörnbrack, Large nitric acid particles at the top of an Arctic stratospheric cloud, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D16), 4517, doi:10.1029/2003JD003479, 2003.
Voigt, C., N. Larsen, T. Deshler, C. Kröger, J. Schreiner; K. Mauersberger, B. Luo, A. Adriani, F. Cairo, G. Di Donfrancesco, J. Ovarlez, H. Ovarlez, A. Dörnbrack, B. Knudsen, J. Rosen, In situ mountain-wave polar stratospheric cloud measurements: Implications for nitric acid trihydrate formation J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D5) 10.1029/2001JD001185, 2003.
Schreiner, J., C. Voigt, C. Weisser, A. Kohlmann, K. Mauersberger, T. Deshler, C. Kröger, J. Rosen, N. Kjome, N. Larsen, A. Adriani, F. Cairo, G. Di Donfrancesco, J. Ovarlez, H. Ovarlez, A. Dörnbrack, Chemical, microphysical, and optical properties of polar stratospheric clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D5, 8313, doi:10.1029/2001JD000825, 2003.
Renard, J., G. Berthet, C. Robert, M. Chartier, M. Pirre, C. Brogniez, M. Herman, C. Verwaerde, J. Balois, J. Ovarlez, H. Ovarlez, J. Crespin, and T. Deshler, Optical and physical properties of stratospheric aerosols from balloon measurements in the visible and near-infrared domains. II. Comparison of extinction, reflectance, polarization, and counting measurements, Appl. Optics, 41, 7540-7549, 2002.
Larsen, N., S. Hoyer, Svendsen, B. M. Knudsen, I. S. Mikkelsen, C. Voigt, A. Kohlmann, J. Schreiner, K. Mauersberger, T. Deshler, C. Kröger, J. M. Rosen, N. T. Kjome, A. Adriani, F. Cairo, G. Di Donfrancesco, J. Ovarlez, H. Ovarlez, A. Dörnbrack, T. Birner, Microphysical mesoscale simulations of polar stratospheric cloud formation constrained by in situ measurements of chemical and optical cloud properties, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8301, doi:10.1029/2001JD000999, 2002.
Höpfner, M., H. Oelhaf, G. Wetzel, F. Friedl-Vallon, A. Kleinert, A. Lengel, G. Maucher, H. Nordmeyer, N. Glatthor, G. Stiller, T. v. Clarmann, H. Fischer, C. Kröger, T. Deshler, Evidence of scattering of tropospheric radiation by PSCs in mid-IR limb emission spectra: MIPAS-B observations and KOPRA simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 10.1029/2001GL014443, 2002.
Schiller, C., T. Deshler, and T. Peter, Contamination-induced particle production during balloon flights: Origin for unexpected ice particle observations in the Arctic?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3247-3250, 2001
Voigt, C., J. Schreiner, A. Kohlmann, K. Mauersberger, N. Larsen, T. Deshler, C. Kröger, J. Rosen, A. Adriani, F. Cairo, G. Di Donfrancesco, M. Viterbini, J. Orvalez and H. Orvalez, C. David, and A. Dörnbrack, Nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) in polar stratospheric cloud particles, Science, 290, 1756-1758, 2000.
Borrmann, S., A. Thomas, V. Rudakov, V. Yushkov, B. Lepuchov, T. Deshler, N. Vinnichenko, V. Khattatov, and L. Stefanutti, Stratospheric aerosol measurements in the Arctic winter of 1996/1997 with the M-55 Geophysika high-altitude research aircraft, Tellus, 52B, 1088-1103, 2000.
Riviere, E. D., N. Huret, F. G.-Taupin, J.-B. Renard, M. Pirre, S. D. Eckermann, N. Larsen, T. Deshler, F. Lefevre, S. Payan, C. Camy-Peyret, Role of lee waves in the formation of solid polar stratospheric clouds: Cases studies from February 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6845-6853, 2000.
Deshler, T. B. Nardi, A. Adriani, F. Cairo, G. Hansen, F. Fierli, A. Hauchercorne, and L. Pulvirenti, Determining the index of refraction of polar stratospheric clouds above Andoya (69°N) by combining size-resolved concentration and optical scattering measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3943-3953, 2000.
Sugita, T., Y. Kondo, M. Koike, M. Kanada, N. Toriyama, and H. Nakajima, T. Deshler, and R. Imasu, Balloon-borne optical counter for in situ aerosol measurement, J. Atmos. Chem, 32, 183-204, 1999.
Mehrtens, H., U. von Zahn, F. Fierli, B. Nardi, and T. Deshler, Type I PSC-particle properties: Measurements at ALOMAR 1995 to 1997, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 603-606, 1999.
Deshler, T., and S. J. Oltmans, Vertical profiles of volcanic aerosol and polar stratospheric clouds above Kiruna, Sweden: Winters 1993 and 1995, J. Atmos. Chem, 30, 11-23, 1998.
Kondo, Y., T. Sugita, R. J. Salawitch, M. Koike, and T. Deshler, Effect of Pinatubo aerosols on stratospheric NO, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1205-1213, 1997.
Deshler, T., B. J. Johnson, D. J. Hofmann, and B. Nardi, Correlations between ozone loss and volcanic aerosol at altitudes below 14 km over McMurdo Station, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2931-2934, 1996.
Kondo, Y., S. R. Kawa, D. Lary, T. Sugita, A. R. Douglass, E. Lutman, M. Koike, and T. Deshler, Interpretation of nitric oxide profile observed in January 1992 over Kiruna, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12555-12566, 1996.
Adriani, A., T. Deshler, G. Di Donfrancesco, and G. P. Gobbi, Polar stratospheric clouds and volcanic aerosol during 1992 spring over McMurdo Station, Antarctica: Lidar and particle counter comparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25877-25898, 1995.
Deshler, T., Th. Peter, R. Müller, and P. J. Crutzen, The lifetime of leewave-induced ice particles in the Arctic stratosphere: I. Balloonborne measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1327-1330, 1994.
Peter, Th, P. J. Crutzen, R. Müller, and T. Deshler, The lifetime of leewave-induced ice particles in the Arctic stratosphere: II. Stabilization due to NAT-coating. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1331-1334, 1994.
Deshler, T., B. J. Johnson, and W. R. Rozier, Changes in the character of polar stratospheric clouds over Antarctica in 1992 due to the Pinatubo volcanic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 273-276, 1994.
Adriani, A., T. Deshler, G.P. Gobbi, B.J. Johnson, and G.Di Donfrancesco, Polar stratospheric clouds over McMurdo Station, Antarctica, during the 1991 spring: lidar and particle counter measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1755-1758, 1992.
Deshler, T., A. Adriani, D. J. Hofmann, and G. P. Gobbi, Evidence for denitrification in the 1990 Antarctic spring stratosphere: II Lidar and aerosol measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1999-2002, 1991.
Gobbi, G. P., T. Deshler, A. Adriani, and D. J. Hofmann, Evidence for denitrification in the 1990 Antarctic spring stratosphere: I Lidar and temperature measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1995-1998, 1991.
Hofmann, D. J. and T. Deshler, Stratospheric cloud observations during formation of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2897-2912, 1991.
Hofmann, D. J. and T. Deshler, Balloonborne measurements of polar stratospheric clouds and ozone at -93oC in the Arctic in February 1990, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 2185-2188, 1990.
Hofmann, D. J., T. Deshler, F. Arnold, and H. Schlager, Balloon observations of nitric acid aerosol formation in the arctic stratosphere: II. Aerosol., Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 1279-1282, 1990.
Schlager, H., F. Arnold, D. Hofmann, and T. Deshler, Balloon observations of nitric acid aerosol formation in the arctic stratosphere: I. Gaseous nitric acid, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 1275-1278, 1990.