Learning about weather and climate: some short articles

Chapter 1. The atmosphere

Chapter 2. Radiation

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Origin of the atmosphere

1.3 Composition of air

1.4 Ozone in the upper atmosphere

1.5 Atmospheric pressure

1.6 Atmospheric temperature

1.7 Atmospheric electricity

1.8 Atmospheric structure

2.1 Kinds of radiation

2.2 Solar radiation reaching the Earth

2.3 Attenuation within the atmosphere

2.4 Radiation at ground level

2.5 Albedo

2.6 Ultra-violet radiation

2.7 Longwave radiation

2.8 Net radiation

Chapter 3. Temperature

Chapter 4. Evaporation

3.1 Temperature measurement

3.2 Screen temperatures

3.3 Seasonal changes

3.4 Daily changes

3.5 Ground temperatures

3.6 Frost

3.7 Urban temperatures

4.1 Changes of state

4.2 Vapour pressure and evaporation

4.3 Features of the evaporation process

4.4 Determining the evaporation rate

4.5 Various evaporation rates

4.6 Values of the evaporation rate

4.7 Dew

Chapter 5. Energy balances

Chapter 6. Humidity 

5.1 The energy-balance equation

5.2 Energy balances of large scale

5.3 Local energy balances

5.4 Altering the energy balance

5.5 The energy balance of the human body

6.1 The hydrologic cycle

6.2 Describing the air's dampness

6.3 Measuring the air's humidity

6.4 Humidity at the surface

6.5 Humidity and human comfort

6.6 Humidity aloft

Chapter 7. Atmospheric instability

Chapter 8. Clouds

7.1 Instability and feedback

7.2 Lapse rates

7.3 Instability of the atmosphere

7.4 Examples of instability

7.5 Tornadoes, dust-devils and waterspouts

7.6 Stable layers

8.1 The formation of clouds

8.2 Cloud droplets

8.3 Categories and changes

8.4 Fog

8.5 Stratiform clouds

8.6 Cumuliform clouds

8.7 High clouds

8.8 Observing cloudiness

8.9 Amounts of cloud

8.10 Effects of clouds

Chapter 9. Cloud processes

Chapter 10. Precipitation

9.1 Clouds and rain

9.2 Raindrop nucleation

9.3 Cloud seeding

9.4 Forming raindrops

9.5 Thunderstorms

9.6 Cloud electricity

9.7 Global electricity

9.8 Hail

10.1 General

10.2 Rainfall intensity

10.3 Spatial variations

10.4 Variations of rainfall

10.5 Water balances

10.6 Floods

10.7 Droughts

10.8 Snow

Chapter 11. Oceans

Chapter 12. Global winds

11.1 Oceans and climates

11.2 Ocean temperatures

11.3 Salinity

11.4 The Coriolis effect and the oceans

11.5 Ocean currents

12.1 Surface winds of the globe

12.2 Factors governing global winds

12.3 Circulations within the atmosphere

12.4 The upper westerlies

12.5 Jet streams

12.6 Models of the general circulation

12.7 ENSO

Chapter 13. Synoptic-scale winds

Chapter 14. Local winds

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Airmasses

13.3 Fronts

13.4 Lows

13.5 Tropical cyclones

13.6 Highs

14.1 General

14.2 Sea breezes

14.3 Mountain winds

14.4 Turbulence

14.5 Wind energy

14.6 Sea waves

14.7 Urban air pollution

Chapter 16. Southern climates

Chapter 17. Northern climates

15.1 Weather data

15.2 Weather forecasting

15.3 Past climates

15.4 Climates of the 20th century

15.5 Future climates

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Climate classification

16.3 Antarctica

16.4 South America

16.5 Southern Africa

16.6 Australia

16.7 New Zealand

17.1 Introduction

17.2 The Arctic

17.3 North America

17.4 Europe

17.5 Asia

17.6 India

17.7 Conclusions